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For those without a B12 deficiency, shots are unlikely to provide additional health benefits

Vitamin B12 injections are also used by people with impaired vitamin B12 absorption or deficiency called Pernicious anaemia caused by: Inadequate dietary intake of B12 Loss of gastric parietal cells in chronic atrophic gastritis Structural damage or surgical resection of the small intestine or stomach Long-term use of acid regulating medication Alcoholism Gastric banding surgery Celiacs disease Pernicious anaemia Crohns disease Until now, injection of methyl-B12 has required a needle

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However, its use is under ethical scrutiny and may violate anti-doping regulations in competitive sports.