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Gene expression analysis using the Broad Institute Connectivity Map The authors analysed how GHK-Cu affects human gene expression using the Connectivity Map (CMap) a massive database developed at MIT and Harvard that maps how compounds alter gene activity

This phenomenon is thought to be due to the inability of cells to restore normal GSH levels or to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage macromolecules fundamental to cell survival before being deactivated by antioxidant defenses

These are short peptide chains that appear to carry tissue-specific signaling functions and can influence gene expression in targeted organs

Then we used IHC to detect the expression and distribution of DDIT4 in mouse liver tissues