The findings were disappointing: Only one study showed significant lightening, and that was limited to sun-exposed areas like the face and forearms One study found that 37.5% of subjects experienced temporary improvements, but within six months after stopping treatment, only 6.2% maintained lighter skin The effects were inconsistent across different body parts and age groups Researchers concluded that glutathione is not effective enough as a skin-whitening agent because effects were limited and unsustainable What Is Vitamin C and How Does It Brighten Skin
Importantly, the controlled nature of the GF-MKD likely reduced dietary coumarin exposure, and the observed post-intervention decline may therefore reflect both dietary restriction and altered metabolic or microbial handling of coumarin in children with ASD
Other reported mechanisms include activation of FAK-paxillin complexes (which help cells migrate and attach to surfaces during wound healing), JAK-2 signaling, and ERK1/2 pathway activity (Sikiric et al., Current Neuropharmacology, 2016
In contrast, -defensins were observed in vertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, and plants, where they are expressed in various tissues [117]
