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A total of 400 mg of muscle tissues was homogenized in 1 mL 0.2 M phosphate buffer with 0.6 mol of reduced GSH (internal standard) and 160 mol of dithiothreitol

Falutz et al., NEJM 2007 (n=412)

This enzyme is thought to facilitate the production of secondary messenger molecules, including inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

In DKD, hyperglycemia induces the overexpression of chemokines and cytokines in damaged glomeruli and renal tubules, which aggravate renal injury through a variety of mechanisms, such as leukocyte infiltration, renal filtration barrier breakdown and mesangial proliferation[97, 98]