Mediation models of affect, risk perceptions, and use Cigarette model Figure 1 depicts the (partially) standardized coefficient estimates for the paths of focal interest to this study (Table 5 provides the unstandardized path coefficient estimates for all paths of the hypothesized structural model)
However, these disciplinary actions have been criticized as potentially ineffective, unjust, and even harmful, as they may lead to further exclusion rather than constructive support for students, many of whom may be experiencing nicotine addiction [11, 21]
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